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About Industrial Bolts and Nuts
Bolts are a type of fastener that has threads and utilizes
a nut to secure the other end of it to a desired piece. Bolts hold two
or more components together that would otherwise be separate. Industrial
bolt manufacturers produce industrial bolts that are used for more high-stress
industrial uses, such as construction, and as components in the creation
of larger industrial parts, machines and vehicles. Most bolts are made
out of varying grades of steel, but some are made with other materials,
such as titanium and aluminum. They are inserted into the material in
multiple ways, as well. Bolts can be engaged with the use of handheld
screwdrivers, high pressure drills and allen wrenches. The nut, which
attaches to the end of the shank, is almost always hexagonal in shape.
The military and aircraft industries have specific bolt standards that
require special anti-corrosive coatings and materials. These bolts are
tested under more rigorous conditions, and therefore, are the preferred
standard of the respective industries.
Industrial bolt manufacturers designate bolts by the major diameter of
the external thread and the pitch measurement. A thread is a ridge that
wraps around the outside of a cylinder in a helical pattern. The ridge
itself is called the crest, while the space between the ridges is called
the root. Threads are set at an angle to the axis of the bolt and slope
either upward to the right (for right-hand threaded screws) or upward
to the left (for left-handed threaded screws). The slope of the thread
is known as the helix angle. The thread forms a V-shaped angle between
the crest, called the thread angle, which is determined by fastener engineers.
The distance from one crest of one thread to another crest is called
the pitch and is measured along the axis of the thread with a thread
pitch gauge.
Industrial bolts are further classified by industrial bolt manufacturers
according to the type of the top portion (head). The head comes in a
variety of shapes and styles that are necessary for the variety of materials,
which bolts are used to secure. Flat heads have an angle of 80-82Û and
are used where finished surfaces require a flush face. Round heads were
commonly used in the past, but are now being replaced by newer designs,
such as pan heads. Oval heads require the hole to be countersunk. Binding
heads are undercut, binding and eliminating fraying of stranded wire
in electrical and radio work. Truss heads, also known as “oven,” “stove” or “oval
binding heads,” are used to cover large diameter clearance holes
in sheet metal. Other types of heads include holt, one-way, Phillips
finishing washer, washer and undercut heads.
To order bolts, it is necessary to know the type, the material and coating
required, diameter and length. Fasteners are categorized based on their
function or design and are available in different drive types. Industrial
bolts can be manufactured from stainless steel, steel (the most widely
used material), silicon bronze or brass. Steel is divided into grades,
the most common of which are 2, 5, 8 and alloy steel. The grades are
denoted on the head. Coatings include zinc plating, hot dip galvanizing
and chrome. Zinc plating provides good corrosion resistance, as does
chrome, though chrome is much more costly and is mainly used for its
appearance. Galvanizing is a thick coating that provides superior corrosion
resistance, although the thickly coated bolts are not compatible with
other nuts. The diameter of bolts is expressed as either a size number
or as a direct measurement. The method for measuring the length of a
fastener depends on the type of head, but they are generally measured
from the surface of the material to the end of the fastener.
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Types of Industrial Bolts
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are made from cadmium to prevent corrosion and have threads rolled or
pressed into the bolt, which make the bolt much stronger than the cut
threads in a hardware bolt. Aircraft bolts are also tested in smaller
batches for quality and are used primarily by the military and aircraft
industries.
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are long “L” shaped-style bolts that are set in concrete
to anchor columns or other supports to a foundation.
- produce bolts for various uses.
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are bolts with a round head and are used for timber. Carriage bolts
are threaded on only part of the shank and are inserted into pre-drilled
holes.
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have an attachment that expands as the bolt is driven into a surface.
- are
bolts with an eye at one end in place of a standard head.
- are
heavy woodscrews that have a square or hexagonal head, which is driven
in by a wrench.
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are used by the international community and are measured using the metric
system as their defining classification.
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are bolts whose shank diameter is smaller than the normal dimensions
for the bolt.
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are used primarily for location of pivot mounting. The shaft that is
not threaded has a wider diameter, giving the bolt a shouldered appearance.
- are used for applications where strength and resistance to corrosion is desired.
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are made to resist vibration loosening. Step lock bolts have several
portions of horizontal threads called steps.
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are small-sized machine bolts.
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are U-shaped bars that have bolts and threads at both ends but not in
the middle. U-bolts are primarily used in suspension areas of vehicles.
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